WHAT IS PERFECTIONISM?

Perfectionism is characterized by a tendency to constantly self-criticize in order to improve and set high standards for oneself. This trait is considered a transdiagnostic risk factor, meaning it is associated with various psychological problems and can contribute to their development. Egan, Wade, and Shafran, in their recent research, reviewed the role of perfectionism across multiple psychopathological conditions and argued that this personality trait should be considered a transdiagnostic process.

Perfectionism is generally divided into two main types: perfectionistic strivings (PS) and perfectionistic concerns (PC).

Perfectionistic strivings (PS) represent a beneficial form of perfectionism. Individuals with this type set high goals for themselves and actively work to achieve them. These individuals often show higher levels of extraversion, conscientiousness, endurance, positive emotional states, life satisfaction, active coping strategies, academic and professional achievements, and perceived social support. At the same time, they tend to exhibit lower levels of depression, self-blame, suicidal ideation, and passivity in the face of challenges.

Perfectionistic concerns (PC), on the other hand, represent a maladaptive form of perfectionism. People with PC fear making mistakes, constantly seek approval from others, ruminate over past events, and are strongly influenced by parental expectations. They experience anxiety about performing tasks incorrectly, failing to meet standards, and being judged by others. PC is associated with negative traits and outcomes such as neuroticism, low self-esteem, negative emotional states, anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts.

According to Hewitt and Flett, perfectionism can be conceptualized in three primary models:

Self-Oriented Perfectionism – expecting high performance from oneself;

Socially Prescribed Perfectionism – striving to meet the expectations of others;

Other-Oriented Perfectionism – expecting high standards from others.

Perfectionism often leads to repetitive negative thoughts, which, if persistent, can result in anxiety, depression, and rumination on past experiences. Fear and concerns about the future are also commonly observed.

If perfectionism negatively affects an individual’s quality of life, it is important to address it. Recommended strategies include:

• Halting and managing repetitive negative thoughts;
• Strengthening positive psychological and emotional responses;
• Setting realistic goals and promoting personal growth without harsh self-criticism;
• Using effective strategies to cope with stress and anxiety.

In conclusion, perfectionism is a complex personality trait that can both promote personal development and contribute to psychological problems. Understanding and managing its effects is crucial for maintaining overall well-being.